References and Useful Links

ESOL Scotland National Website

The national website, in which this Framework sits, offers information to learners, tutors and organisations interested in ESOL. Information can be found on:

- ESOL courses, including levels, available across Scotland

- professional development opportunities for tutors, teaching resources (which can be filtered by level) and the latest information on national developments in ESOL.

There is also a discussion section to give tutors and learners an opportunity to exchange information and contact details for Scotland’s Community Learning and Development Partnerships and Colleges who have a commitment to support the Adult ESOL Strategy at regional level. The following links take you directly to these sections:

Asylum Seekers, Migrants and Refugees

This section gives you information on some of the government projects which support living, working and learning in Scotland for migrants and refugees.

Article on supporting young unaccompanied ESOL learners in the College sector: Allan, M. and Hodgart, R. (2008) New Lives: New Ways of Working, Glasgow, Anniesland College/EQUAL.
COSLA Strategic Migration Partnership, includes information on immigration to Scotland.
The Refugee Council provides advice and information, including pages in 20 languages.
TalentScotland - information on living, working and studying in Scotland.

Assessment

Assessment is for Learning from Learning and Teaching Scotland covers all aspects of assessment; the information is aimed at schools and school aged learners - not specifically ESOL.
Initial ESOL Assessment in Scotland: a short study (March 2008) was produced by Stevenson College, Edinburgh, for the Scottish Government. It outlines existing uses of Initial ESOL Assessment in Scotland and gives examples of assessments in use in several Scottish Centres, in different contexts.
Article on different types of Assessment by Dr Beatriz B Diaz from Pearson/Longman: Comprehensive Assessment in the Adult ESOL Classroom (pdf).
A chart of different types of assessment from Equipped for the Future Center for Literacy Studies at the University of Tennessee: Sampler of Assessment types.

Case Studies

Scottish Government Case Studies of Effective Practice in ESOL
SQA ESOL Case Studies: Case Studies of learners who have studied SQA NQ ESOL in different contexts.

Citizenship/Settlement

The Impact of EU Enlargement and the Introduction of UK Citizenship Test on the Provision of ESOL in Scotland
This report commissioned by the Scottish Government in 2007 examines the impact of EU Enlargement on ESOL provision in the UK. Among other things, it deals with characteristics of learners and barriers to learning.
The Home Office website has passport and visa information plus a 'latest news' section.
The UK Border Agency provides information about British citizenship and other forms of British nationality: whether someone is a British citizen, how to apply for British citizenship and other forms of British nationality, and how to give up their citizenship.
Life in the UK Test: now required for settlement for those applying for naturalisation as a British citizen or for indefinite leave to remain.
Knowledge of language and life in the UK (from the UK Border Agency) gives details of the knowledge of language and life in the United Kingdom required before an application is made for naturalisation as a British citizen, including the different requirements in Scotland; this explains the language requirement and ESOL.
Materials necessary for Citizenship in the UK
Citizenship for ESOL learners in Scotland pack
SQA information on Citizenship in Scotland
ESOL Scotland Citizenship web page is aimed at practitioners
The Scottish Government homepage with links to news, publications etc.
Foreign & Commonwealth Office homepage.
Citizenship in Scotland's Colleges: A Report by HM Inspectorate of Education for the Scottish Further and Higher Education Funding Council, November 2006.

EAL (English as an Additional Language: the school context)

Materials for working with the parents of pupils in schools from City of Edinburgh EAL (English as an Additional Language).
This NALDIC (National Association for Language Development in the Curriculum) website contains readings on 'Language and the Curriculum' and 'Supporting English as an Additional Language (EAL) Learners in Mainstream Classrooms'.
Te Kete Ipurangi The Online Learning Centre (New Zealand Ministry of Education) TKI is a bilingual portal and web community which provides quality-assured educational material for teachers, school managers, and the wider education community. It is an initiative of the Ministry of Education.
Supporting Learners with English as an Additional Language in Glasgow, (Glasgow City Council, Education Services, Policy Document).
English for Speakers of Other Languages: Policy for Glasgow Schools, (Glasgow City Council, Education Services).
Count Us In: A Sense of Belonging, Meeting the Needs of Children and Young People Newly Arrived in Scotland, HMIe Publication, 2009.

Employability

Careers Scotland
Volunteering in Scotland
Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations
Scoping Study on Support Mechanisms for the Recognition of Skills, Learning and Qualifications of Migrant Workers and Refugees - Final Report (Scottish Government Publication July 2010).
"I haven't got any chance to work with this experience". Article by Sondra Cuban, Basic Skills Bulletin, No. 83, May 2010.

ESOL - Learning and Teaching

Article on ILPs in ESOL from the National Research and Development Centre for adult literacy and numeracy: The ILP Debate.
Short article on working with mixed level groups - aimed at academic tutors: Teaching Mixed Ability Classes.
American article on teaching multi-level classes: Teaching Multi-level Adult ESL Classes.
Three articles on working with learners One to One available on the 'One stop English' website: 1-1 lessons, methods and tips.
Short article published by the Quality Improvement Agency in England outlining the results of a study on Self-directed learning: How we might help students (pdf).
UK National Research and Development Centre: several case studies outlining how embedded learning in vocational situations worked: Embedding Case Studies.
(Soon to be published Embedding - Helen Casey, Mary Conway, Sue Grief and Desiree Lopez; can be ordered or downloaded from NRDC.
National Research and Development Centre, UK (2007): reflective teaching practice and 'action research' in the classroom: Reflective Teaching and Action Research.
NRDC Effective Practice Studies: explore teaching and learning in reading, writing, numeracy, ESOL and ICT; an in-depth look at effective practice in the ESOL classroom (2007): Effective Teaching and Learning in ESOL.
Useful overview of a range of methodologies from One Stop English: Overview of Methodology.
Reflect is an innovative approach to adult learning and social change, which fuses the theories of Paulo Freire with participatory methodologies. A resource pack for tutors for the Reflect method of ESOL tutoring by Skills for Life network. Reflect for ESOL.
Suggestions from Cambridge University Press for phrases to teach/use in the ESOL classroom: Classroom English.
Discussion of pair and group work in monolingual classrooms from One Stop English: Classroom Management.
Tips for teaching conversation in a multi-lingual classroom by Cara Pulick published in April 2005 in the Internet TESL Journal: Tips for Teaching.
Article that defines tutor roles in an ESOL classroom from One Stop English: Tutor Roles.

Evaluation in the ESOL context

Short article on the ESL School blog about giving feedback: Giving Students Feedback.
Some examples of ESOL course reviews from ITESL (Internet TESOL Journal): Sample Course Evaluations.

Language Acquisition, Theory and Pedagogy for ESOL Learners

For an overview of the theory and pedagogy of ESOL tutoring there are several useful articles on the history of English Language teaching, as well as more specific articles dealing with language acquisition and linguistics. You can also find information on methodology, dealing with different sized classes and embedded ESOL learning.

The seminal work is 'Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition' by Stephen Krashen of the University of Southern California.
Best practice for working with bilingual pupils (primarily for schools, but has wider application for other educational establishments). (Scottish Government and Learning and Teaching Scotland 2005): Learning in 2(+) Languages - ensuring effective inclusion for bilingual learners (pdf).
This article written in 2003 by Charles Lowe describes English language teaching techniques from 1853 to the present. The text is very readable and makes the point that we needn't throw out all the old ideas every time a new one comes along: Brief History of ESOL Teaching (pdf).

Lifelong Learning

Higher Education, including Further Education Colleges in Scotland from Careers Scotland
Scotland's Colleges
Universities in Scotland
Skills, training and development from Skills Development Scotland
Learning and Teaching Scotland (LTS) provides Information, guidance and CPD resources to improve learning in Scotland.
Directory of key contacts for Scotland CLD (community learning and development) Partnerships.

Relevant Government documents

The Adult ESOL Strategy for Scotland (2007) (pdf) The Scottish Government
The Immigration and Asylum Act (1999)
The Race Relations Amendment Act (2000)
The Scottish Government (2003) Life through Learning; Learning through Life, Edinburgh
The Scottish Government (2004) New Scots: Attracting Fresh Talent to meet the Challenge of Growth, Edinburgh
The Scottish Government (2007) Skills for Scotland: a Lifelong Skills Strategy, Edinburgh

Research: ESOL issues

Barton,D.and Pitt, K. (2003) Adult ESOL Pedagogy: a review of research, an annotated bibliography and recommendations for future research, London, NRDC
Baynham, M., Roberts, et al (2007) Effective Teaching and Learning: ESOL, London, NRDC
Cooke, M. & Simpson, J. (2008) ESOL: A Critical Guide, Oxford, OUP
Hopkins, P. and Hill, M. (2006), This is a good place to live and think about the future: the needs and experiences of unaccompanied refugee children in Scotland, SRC, Glasgow
Menter, I. & Smyth, G. (2008) THE RITeS RESEARCH PROJECT: RESEARCH REPORT, Glasgow
Rice, C. And Irvine, C. The Glasgow ESOL 2000 Survey Report (2005) The Scottish Government
Roberts, C., Baynham, D. et al (2004) English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) – case studies of provision, learners' needs and resources London, NRDC
Roberts, C., Cooke, M., Baynham, M. And Simpson, J. (2007) Adult ESOL in the United Kingdom: Policy and research’, in Prospect, Vol.22, No.3
Schellekens, P. (2001) English Language as a Barrier to Employment, Education and Training Nottingham, DfEE
Schellekens, P. (2007) The Oxford ESOL Handbook, Oxford, Oxford University Press
Scottish Refugee Council (2003) Briefing: Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Scotland
Sunderland, H. (2008) ESOL Today: politics, pedagogy and performance measurement, in REFLECT, Issue 10
Ward, J. (2007) ESOL: The context for the UK Today, Leicester, NIACE
NIACE, Committee of Inquiry on English for Speakers of Other Languages, October 2006

Routes to Education for migrant learners

Diverse Routes to Education is for migrants to Scotland who want to enter education.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL): information on how to gain recognition of prior learning in Scotland. Lots of useful links.
UK NARIC: the national agency responsible for providing information about qualifications from all over the world.
NARIC Compare Qualifications - How to get a statement of comparability for overseas qualifications.
The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) provides a basis for the mutual recognition of language qualifications across Europe.

SCQF Core Skills

SCQF Handbook: User Guide
ESOL teachers should be aware of core skills levels of learners and relate these to the learner's ability to progress towards their goals. The ESOL programme of work for learners and methodology used in the classroom for learning English includes communication and elements of numeracy, working with others and problem solving are frequently addressed on ESOL courses. ICT skills will also be addressed where access to relevant technology is available.
The SQA Core Skills Framework (2008) is available from the SQA website, for information and the general skills and examples of tasks illustrate what is required at each level.

The English Language

David Crystal (2003) English as a global language (Cambridge: CUP), 2nd edn
David Crystal (2006) How language works (London: Penguin)
David Crystal (2002) The English language (London: Penguin), 2nd edn.

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